Реферат
Искусство, культура и история
История, культура
Deportations from Latvia and Lithuania-
Deportations from Latvia and Lithuania
Conclusions
The Red Army occupied them in the summer of 1940, and on 14 June 1941, the NKVD (the Soviet secret police, a precursor of the KGB) began to deport potential opposition leaders and all those who fell into the category of “anti-Soviet elements”. They included politicians, trade unionists, intellectuals, teachers, and wealthy landowners, government employees. Many people were deported as the result of arbitrary event. Some were denounced by neighbours, or they were taken for another family.
Men were mostly separated from family already in train stations and were told that they will be able to meet their families in the destination. These were unblushing lies. Men were sent to concentration and slave labour camps called Gulag, women with children to different districts of USSR territories. The majority of Lithuanians were taken to the Altay region and the district of Tomsk. Latvians mostly deported to Krasnoyarsk territory.
Analyzes of memories, memoirs and documents show that reasons why Latvians and Lithuanians were deported mostly are the same - targeted were mainly families who had members in leading positions in state and local governments, economy and culture, different are officially presented accusations. According to available documents, Latvians’ indictments were based on the accused relations and connections with politics, colonels etc, [Okupāciju varu politika Latvijā.1939-1941: Collection of documents 1999] in indictments of Lithuanians’ mostly appeared information about “ill-gotten” property, belonging to clerisy and being “freedom fighter”. [The Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation ca. 2011] Why documents about Latvia and Lithuania differ in this point is hard to say. In fact, accusations were mostly based on thrumped-up charges.
Even though precise instructions were given to manage these deportations, mostly these instructions were not taken into consideration. Instructions prescribed that every family had an hour to gather everything needful, included appropriate clothes. [Okupāciju varu politika Latvijā.1939-1941: Collection of documents 1999] Mostly families were drug out of their beds and given some 20 minutes to gather things without any explanation. …
Deportations from Latvia and Lithuania. Differences made by executive hands between Latvians and Lithuanians during deportation process. Traditionally Latvia and Lithuania are considered as the closest countries to each other not only because of language or location, but as well because of similar historical backgrounds, similar destiny. In the short 22-year period of independence, the people of Latvia and Lithuania had developed a sense of loyalty and love towards their new-born country, but the happiness was not doomed to longevity. Already on June 14, 1941 at three o'clock in the morning mass arrests and deportations began simultaneously in Lithuania and Latvia (Estonia as well). Following Moscow's orders, chekists from Byelorussia, Smolensk, Pskov, and other places were mobilized to execute this task. During the mass deportations of June 14th 1991 more than 18 000 people from Lithuania and approximately 16 000 from Latvia were deported. [Nollendorfs, Celle, Michele, Neiburgs and Staško 2005] At no time there were judgments ever passed nor someone were ever prosecuted. [Z. Kiaupa, A. Mäesalu, A. Pajur, G. Straube 1991] In my opinion taking people away from their fatherland against their will is the most dreaded instruments of terror. It was typical for the deportations of the late 30s and early 40s that men were arrested and sent to the Gulag labour camps, but the family members of the arrested were exiled to distant districts of Siberia or the Kazakh SSR. Deportation was a forbidden subject for history books, school texts and even popular literature and memoirs. Censorship on this topic was tight and the survivors wanted to forget what they experienced by hiding it, even from their closest family members. [Grinkevičiūtė 2006] Only during the late 1980s and early 1990s people started to talk openly what happened with them and their families and why did they were considered to be “anti-Soviet” elements, how they survived and who helped them. During the years 1941-1953, several hundred thousand people were deported "eternally" from Latvia and Lithuania, most of them women and children. Tens of thousands died from illnesses, starvation and unbearable work. Nevertheless, Lithuanians and Latvians were mostly deported to different regions and districts. The main goal of my research paper is to analyze memoirs and memories of deported, as well as available documents and find answer whether Lithuanians and Latvians were treated differently during deportation process and in the exile period.
- Deportations from Latvia and Lithuania
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