In the article by Stephan Jay Gould, "Racist Arguments and IQ", he writes, "The racist arguments of the 19th century were based primarily on craniometry, the measurement of human skulls. Today these contentions stand totally discredited. What craniometry was to the 19th century, intelligence testing has been to the 20th." On average Whites score about 15 IQ points higher than Blacks on the IQ tests. These Intelligence Quotient tests were written by white culture and therefore blacks may have a cultural disadvantage when taking these tests.
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