An ideology begins with the belief that things can be better, and then evolves into a plan to improve the currant state of a society. During the 20th century, the world witnessed the confrontation of two political, social, and economic ideologies: capitalism and communism. Capitalism appeared when Scottish economist Adam Smith published "The Wealth of Nations" during the late 1700's. Almost a century later, as a reaction to capitalism, Karl Marx published "The Communist Manifesto"; a book that harshly criticized capitalism and predicted its fall.
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