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The Concept and Manifestations of Euroscepticism in European Integration
Реферат9 Политика, Международные организации, История, культура
| Nr. | Название главы | Стр. |
| Introduction | 3 | |
| Description of the concept of euroscepticism and its impact on the European integration process | 4 | |
| Conclusions | 7 | |
| Sources | 9 |
Thus, the consequences of the financial (2008 – present), migration (2015 – present) and virus crisis (2020 – present) in every possible way, they contribute to the rise of ideological dogmas and political practices of Euroscepticism, which carries out, although unspoken, but noticeable division into a grouping of eurofederalists who clearly support the continuation of greater integration, followed by the formation of a United Europe, and Eurosceptics who want to either maintain the current state of integration, or reverse it, where the dominant role will again be played by the governments of national states, rather than supranational institutions. It can be confidently asserted that the current rate of “fragmentation”, “fragmentation” and the overall confrontation between the two perspectives under a single supranational structure sooner or later lead to further aggravation of contradictions both politically and in the public sphere that accompanied the economic downturn, may become a determinant of the
occurrence of structural and even national divisions in the European Union. In light of recent events, namely Britain's exit from the EU, as well as its future without Foggy Albion, it will be appropriate to finish the work with the words of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill: “The absence of Britain deranges the balance of Europe. I am all for a reconciliation between France and Germany, and for receiving Germany back into the European family, but this
implies, as I have always insisted, that Britain and France should in the main act together so as to be able to deal on even terms with Germany, which is so much stronger than France alone. Without Britain, the coal and steel pool in Western Europe must naturally tend to be dominated
by Germany, who will be the most powerful member”16.
…
The process of European integration at different stages of the development of the supraconfederal system of the European Union was a community of heterogeneous mechanisms used to create a “United” Europe. Since the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952, the transformation of the classical model of national states into supranational structures, largely in the image of Federal States, for clear and precise delegation of competencies at different levels of government has begun.1 The successful model of political, economic and social development over several decades has made this association of states one of the most influential subjects of international law, which was confirmed by the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 – the Treaty on the creation of the European Union, in a form that was still far from the system that we know now after the Lisbon Treaty came into force on December 1, 2009, but it already laid down the basic principles of supranational methods of functioning of the supraconfederal union.2 However, a characteristic trend that has emerged in the process of European integration, which can be clearly traced by extrapolating to it the Third law of Isaac Newton, according to which: “Every action has an opposite reaction”, translating which into the language (context) of integration interaction of the European Union, within which it will mean the following: “Every integration has a disintegration”, or “The desire for every integration has the desire for disintegration”. In the modern world, this phenomenon is well known in the mass culture and academic environment under the general name of “Euroscepticism”, which explains its wide spread to all countries of the European Union, in some of which “Eurosceptic” is no longer called individual politicians, but entire political parties. For example, the trends of the last few elections to the European Parliament also show disappointing dynamics, where political groups such as “European conservatives and reformists” and “Identity and democracy” currently control about 20% of the entire Parliament and do not hide their open Euroscepticism
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